Good comparison of AWS vs AZURE options: Compare storage services on Azure and AWS - Azure Architecture Center | Microsoft Learn

Public by default, needs unique name. yep

LRS - local replication, less redundant, less expensive
GRS - global replication, more redundant, more expensive

Container vs Blob
TL;DR container is a bucket within storage account.

A container organizes a set of blobs, similar to a directory in a file system. A storage account can include an unlimited number of containers, and a container can store an unlimited number of blobs.

Table storage?
Allows NoSQL, like DynamoDB

Queue storage?
For messaging, I spose it is like SQS

Append Blobs?
Optimized for appeding data, good for logging.

Azure Files (File Storage)?
It is like EFS.

Page Blobs?
It is can function like EBS(though for VM better use Azure Disk Storage overview - Azure Virtual Machines | Microsoft Learn) block storage for VMs. Cos better for index based data.